| Mechanism Category | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation Inhibition | Local cytokine reduction | TGF-β1 upregulation | NF-κB inhibition | MMP-9/NF-κB dual inhibition |
| Oxidative Stress Regulation | Indirectly through vascular damage | Not clearly defined | No direct effect | Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation |
| Neural Conduction Modulation | Axonal transport blockade | A-beta fiber activation | NO-mediated vasodilation | T-type calcium channel/KATP regulation |
| Tissue Repair | Nerve sheath preservation | VEGF promotes angiogenesis | Improved oxygenation | PI3K/AKT activation promotes cell survival |
** Other pathways involved: hyperstimulation anesthesia, gate-control theory, inhibition of inbound pain signal through A-delta & C fiber, IGF-1 expression, ADAM-17 inhibition, TNF-alpha reduction, Trx1 expression, ASK1 phosphorylation inhibition, p38/JNK inflammatory signalling transduction blockade, IL-6 reduction, MAPK pathways inhibition, TRPA1 receptor desensitisation, TRPV1+ vs TRPA1+ specific modulation
Excels Other Pain Coping Modalities
Fast relief, short treatment course, and less side effects
